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This review presents various interpenetrating phase composite (IPC) materials currently used in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems and to evaluates how the optical properties of those materials are affected by various factors. In the field of dentistry, selecting materials compatible with dental tissues is key to clinical success of restorative materials. Understanding the optical properties of a restorative material aids in material selection and provides insights into the material’s clinical performance and esthetic longevity. Such knowledge can in turn help clinicians select the best treatment option for their patients. Interpenetrating phase composite materials combine the optical and mechanical properties of ceramics and composite resins; they are often used in direct/indirect restorative options such as inlays, onlays, veneers, single crowns, implant-supported crowns, and short-span fixed partial dentures with esthetically favorable outcomes. The color of a material, which plays an essential role in the esthetic outcome, can change over time depending on different intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Those intrinsic factorss include chemical composition, resin-matrix structure, and filler particle sizes; extrinsic factors include surface treatment protocols, the patient’s smoking status, and the consumption of beverages such as coffee, tea, red wine, fruit juice, cola, etc. To fabricate restorations that complement a person’s natural teeth, it is essential to determine the color properties of these materials (e.g., translucence, hue, chroma, and opalescence).
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Glass and glass ceramics containing oxides of heavy metals (Bi, Ta, W) in amount of 40 wt. % were obtained for use in medicine as radiosensitizers. The properties of the composites were studied in vitro: generation of secondary radiation, chemical solubility, change in pH of the medium during resorption. Indicators of secondary radiation and the pH value of the environment decrease in the order: W>Ta>Bi. Solubility indices decrease in the order: W > Bi > Ta.
Despite the maximum generation of secondary ionizing radiation, W-containing ceramics based on Bioglass 45S5 are undesirable for use in vivo due to rapid dissolution and high alkalization of the environment.
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The purpose of the study was to develop compositions of colored glasses based on basalt from the Osmonsay deposit.
To synthesize glasses, compositions in the basalt–quartz–soda system were studied. Quartz sand from the Samarkand deposit was used as a source of quartz. Transparent, translucent and dimmed colored glasses were obtained. As a result of the research carried out, it was established that it is possible to obtain glass of a wide range of colors without the use of coloring components.
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They are devoted to the study of the development of composite materials for the production of ceramic bricks based on loess-like rocks from the Suzanly deposit and waste produced by Khorazm Shakar LLC, the study of physical and chemical processes during firing with the introduction of amorphous silica and calcium-containing waste as a defecate in the brick mass. Technological firing modes have been determined. Developing optimal compositions of special ceramic bricks and masonry mortars for inorganic parts of cultural heritage sites based on local raw materials and technogenic waste is considered.
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A model has been constructed for the mathematical calculation of thermal processes occurring in hexagonally located cells in the form of articulated channels with filler. Using the proposed model, the temperature fields and power of heat flows along a single homogeneous long thin rod of calcium carbonate perovskite filling channels of anodic aluminum oxide with hexagonally arranged channels and the distribution of temperature and power of heat flows in the wall of the aluminum oxide channel in the perpendicular direction were calculated. Equations were obtained to calculate the distribution of temperature and power of heat flows in the indicated directions. The calculation results can be used to create new efficient converters of solar energy into electrical energy.
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The phase composition of the powder synthesized from aqueous solutions of sodium silicate Na2SiO3 and iron sulfate FeSO4 at the molar ratio Fe/Si = 2 according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) data included hydrated sodium iron sulfate Na2Fe(SO4)2·4H2O and X-ray amorphous product with the composition represented by hydrated iron and silicon oxides. The phase composition of the powder obtained by 4-times washing of the synthesized powder in distilled water included only an X-ray amorphous product.
After firing in air in the range of 400…1200 ?C, hematite Fe2O3 and cristobalite SiO2 were found in powder samples and ceramics based on these powders. After firing at 900 ?C under graphite powder the phase composition of ceramic samples included magnetite Fe3O4, laihunite Fe4,74(SiO4)3 and fyalite Fe2SiO4. The powder prepared from the product isolated from the mother liquor included hydrated sodium iron sulfate Na2Fe(SO4)2·4H2O and sodium iron sulfate hydroxide hydrate (metasideronatrite) Na4Fe2(SO4)4(OH)2·3H2O. After heat treatment at 400 ?C, sodium iron sulfate Na3Fe(SO4)3 was the predominant phase in this powder. Powders obtained as a result of the interaction of aqueous solutions of sodium silicate and iron sulfate can be used to manufacture of high-temperature dyes and materials with magnetic properties; to create analogues of lunar or Martian regolith; and also, be of interest for research related to the development of functional (cathode) materials for Na-ion batteries.
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Currently, the use of ceramic shells for casting metal melts is quite widespread in almost most machine-building enterprises. The main method of production of ceramic molds is the method of forming them on smelted or burnt models with subsequent removal of the model material. The formation of ceramics from a ceramic suspension by a gradual build-up method requires the use of binders with a number of physico-chemical properties that ensure the quality of the prepared shells. Any binder prepared on a water basis has a rather complex composition, including several organic compounds, which causes problems of their compatibility, as well as their performance for a long time (up to a year) under conditions
of continuous mixing of sedimentation-unstable ceramic suspension, and when the composition changes due to uneven removal of components during operation. Obviously, the development of a workable binder necessarily requires in-depth study of the physico-chemical properties of the components and their combined aqueous solutions, which allows optimizing the selection of components and their concentration in binders.
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A review of oxide compositions, developed for ceramic aluminosilicate fibers -based filter elements modification for the purpose of the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the purification of high-temperature industrial gases, is presented. Methods for preparing the catalytic compositions and methods for their introduction into the structure of the ceramic filter elements are presented.
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The adhesive strength of the solid phase boundary in the Ge20Se80 glass–substrate (quartz glass, stainless steel, tungsten carbide) systems in the temperature range of 270…360 ?C was measured using the pull-off test for adhesion.
The maximum adhesion of chalcogenide glass among the studied structural materials is observed to stainless steel with a non-nitrided surface. The wetting and adhesion of the Ge20Se80 glass melt to structural materials in the temperature range of 370…470 ?C have been investigated. The maximum adhesion of the chalcogenide melt is observed to the surface of quartz glass, the minimum is to the surface of nitrided stainless steel.
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In this study, the influence of the quantitative content of sulfate ions at key technological stages of the synthesis of YAG:Cr ceramic powder on the optical properties of ceramics was investigated. The size and size distribution of particles, the degree of agglomeration, specific surface area, and phase composition of the ceramic powder were evaluated.
The changes in the microstructure and optical properties of the YAG:Cr ceramic material were described depending on the amount of sulfate ions used at various stages of the synthesis of ceramic powder.
It was found that the use of a solution containing 0.200 M and 0.045 M sulfate ions at the stage of precipitation or washing of the precipitate, respectively, resulted in achieving better dispersal characteristics and the highest monodispersity of precursor powders and YAG:Cr ceramic powders. Additionally, it improved the optical properties of YAG:Cr ceramics with a light transmittance value of over 81.5 %.